Women As Buddhists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Women As Buddhists - Essay Example Legends around Shakamuni Buddha abound; one of them tells of the death of his mother, Maya when Shakamuni was an infant. His aunt, Prajapati, took over the raising of him and later asked to join his sangha. She was refused. It was only after Shakamuni’s cousin Ananda has requested three times that Prajapati amd her 500 followers were allowed to practice Buddhism outside of the home, as nuns.  Legends around Shakamuni Buddha abound; one of them tells of the death of his mother, Maya when Shakamuni was an infant. His aunt, Prajapati, took over the raising of him and later asked to join his sangha. She was refused. It was only after Shakamuni’s cousin Ananda has requested three times that Prajapati amd her 500 followers were allowed to practice Buddhism outside of the home, as nuns.   This story has been denied as even existing by some scholars, who justify their denial by pointing out that it was invented to restore societal norms after the death of the Buddha    Mu ch debate has been engaged over this story, citing Buddhism as sexist from the very beginning. But let us look at the society of the times, for it is society that inspires and also creates rules and mores and acts as the impetus behind changing laws and constitutional amendments in every country. Firstly, Indian society was (and still is, in many places) a khast system which follows strict social mores concerning one’s circumstances of birth, familial status and gender.  ... A woman conducting the same practice was subject to rape, robbery, and other heinous crimes against women, which still occur today. Scholars state that it is very likely that Shakamuni refused to let his beloved aunt and caretaker be an active nun due to the dangers to women who were emancipated during his time. Since the Buddhist faith is centered on compassion and enlightenment attainable by anyone who can adhere to the practices and guidelines, it is more likely that Shakamuni was attempting to protect women rather than subdue them.3 It also makes sense that in his compassion, the Buddha placed nuns under the Eight Strict Rules and under the subordinance of the monks in order to preserve his teachings by not driving Indian society into anarchy by giving women too much freedom too soon. This certainly would have been the wisdom of one so enlightened, knowing the impermanence of the world and knowing that with time and changes to society through continued enlightenment, the rules could be relaxed. He never said that women could not achieve enlightenment just as men could; in fact he said the opposite: " 'Straight' is the name that Road is called, and 'Free From Fear' the Quarter whither thou art bound. Thy Chariot is the 'Silent Runner' named, With Wheels of Righteous Effort fitted well. Conscience the Leaning-board; the Drapery Is Heedfulness; the Driver is the Dharma, I say, and Right Views, they that run before. And be it woman, or be it man for whom Such a chariot doth wait, by that same car into Nirvana's pre sence shall they come."4 As to the eight rules, they are basically thus: 1. A bhikkuni (nun), even if in the order for 100

Determination of the Cost of a New Drug Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Determination of the Cost of a New Drug - Essay Example The paper tells that the anticipated cost for development of an average drug has been recently assessed by Joseph DiMasi together with his colleagues to be $802 million for every new molecular entity. The massive cost of developing a drug is a major component of the prevailing debates over the prescription drug prices, review policies of Food and Drug Administration (FDA), importation of the drugs from Canada, and barriers to universal entry. Having been assigned this central role of $802 million approximation in the debates, it is crucial to ask two questions. The first one is whether this number is an accurate approximation of the anticipated costs in the development of an average drug. The second question that follows concerns the meaning of the estimations if at all by any chance they are accurate.For some years, researchers with the inclusion of a team at El Lilly and another from Tufts University have approximated the cost incurred in the invention and development of a drug at either $1 billion or even more. These approximations attempt to exclude the costs that are not related directly to the approval of a drug and also don’t give room for any kind of comparisons between companies. The first determinant of the cost of the development of a new prescriptive drug is the size of the company that is producing the drug. There is the argument that bigger companies possess the economies of scale and the scope of the development of a drug. This argument links the size of the company with development costs that are lower. One difficulty that arises in measuring this effect is that large companies may be associated with lower-cost and successful drugs, either due to the reason that the drugs earn them reasonable revenues or the truth that acquisitions and mergers result to such drugs produced in the larger firms. The outcomes suggest that this could pose a problem.